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Recent papers in Vertebrate Paleontology

Vertebrate Paleontology is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Alfred Sherwood Romer, published by the University of Chicago Press. It went through three editions (1933, 1945, 1966) and for many years constituted a very authoritative work and the definitive coverage of the subject. The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology is available for purchase in multiple formats. In addition to the printed, hardcover volumes, all volumes can be purchased on DVD or CD as single, searchable PDF files.

Los ceratópsidos son el grupo más diverso además de ser componentes característicos y abundantes de las asociaciones de dinosaurios del oeste de Norte América (Laramidia) durante el Cretácico Tardío. Estratos del Campaniano han producido numerosos especímenes tanto de centrosaurinos como de chasmosaurinos, principalmente de Canadá y Estados Unidos. En contraste, el registro de la parte sur de Laramidia es sorprendentemente escaso. Restos de ceratópsidos son extremadamente raros en el Cretácico Tardío de México, contrastando con las asociaciones más ricas de hadrosaurios. Sin embargo, restos de dinosaurios han sido reportados de estratos mexicanos, aunque la mayoría de este material no es diagnóstico, y solamente dos taxones, Yehuecauhceratops mudei y Coahuilacertops magnacuerna, provenientes de las formaciones Aguja y Cerro del Pueblo (Campaniano) respectivamente, han sido nombrados.

- by Jose Ruben Guzman-Gutierrez
- •

We describe a new extinct spiny rat, Proclinodontomys dondasi n. gen. n. sp. (Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Echi-myidae), represented by a noteworthy preserved skull and mandible from the early-middle Pleistocene outcrops at the coastal cliffs of SE Buenos Aires Province (Central Argentina). Phylogenetic analyses allow us to propose that the new species described here and the already known Eurzygomatomys mordax (Winge) represent a new genus closely related to the living Euryzygomatomys spinosus and Clyomys laticeps. The new genus differs from Euryzygomatomys and Clyomys by having much more procumbent upper incisors, a more developed fossa for the M. temporalis, more flared and laterally expanded zygomatic arches, frontal less markedly expanded posteriorly, jugals much deeper anteriorly than posteriorly, with the dorsal border descending more abruptly posteriorly, smaller orbital cavity, and external auditory meatus relatively smaller and slanted upward and backward. Several features of the new species reflect a higher degree of adaptation to semifossorial habits than those of E. spinosus. The origin of the semifossorial ecomorphotype within echimyids may have been triggered by the expansion of relatively open and arid environments that arose near the Mio-cene-Pliocene boundary. The record of this new echimyid in Central Argentina indicates that during the early-middle Pleistocene, the southern limit of the geographic range of extinct representatives of the Brazilian lineage of semifossorial echimyids extended farther south than that of their living members. UUID: http://zoobank.org/c30ec1fe-4352-4867-a02f-e0d45c884bfe

- by Marcos Cenizo
- •

The fossils of Pleistocene megafauna are commonly found in tanks and cave deposits in the State of Bahia,
northeastern Brazil. In general, studies on these materials have focused mainly on taxonomic aspects, but more
recently, there has been an increase in paleoecological studies based on stable isotopes. The present paper
describes fossils recovered from a tank deposit in Lagoa de Pedra (Anagé municipality, Bahia State). The material
was identified as: Eremotherium laurillardi, Panochthus sp., Holmesina paulacoutoi, Palaeolama major,
Notiomastodon platensis, and Toxodontinae indet. Stable isotope analyses were performed in order to estimate
their diet and the paleoenvironment in which these taxa lived. The results indicate the occurrence of two guilds:
grazers (Panochthus sp.) and mixed-feeders (H. paulacoutoi, N. platensis and E. laurillardi). These animals lived in
a more open environment where N. platensis possibly had a major role in the community organization.

- by Mário Dantas
- •

This paper looks into the relation between orbital and radiometric dating and tries to locate the geographic area from which genomic changes, opposite in nature to the common understanding today, occurred. It assumes guesstimates for. more

- by Ian P Shears
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- by Meagan Gilbert
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- 6

The 24 extant crocodylian species are the remnants of a once much more diverse and widespread clade. Crocodylomorpha has an approximately 230 million year evolutionary history, punctuated by a series of radiations and extinctions. However, the group's fossil record is biased. Previous studies have reconstructed temporal patterns in subsampled crocodylomorph palaeobiodiversity, but have not explicitly examined variation in spatial sampling, nor the quality of this record. We compiled a dataset of all taxonomically diagnosable non‐marine crocodylomorph species (393). Based on the number of phylogenetic characters that can be scored for all published fossils of each species, we calculated a completeness value for each taxon. Mean average species completeness (56%) is largely consistent within subgroups and for different body size classes, suggesting no significant biases across the crocodylomorph tree. In general, average completeness values are highest in the Mesozoic, with an overall trend of decreasing completeness through time. Many extant taxa are identified in the fossil record from very incomplete remains, but this might be because their provenance closely matches the species’ present‐day distribution, rather than through autapomorphies. Our understanding of nearly all crocodylomorph macroevolutionary ‘events’ is essentially driven by regional patterns, with no global sampling signal. Palaeotropical sampling is especially poor for most of the group's history. Spatiotemporal sampling bias impedes our understanding of several Mesozoic radiations, whereas molecular divergence times for Crocodylia are generally in close agreement with the fossil record. However, the latter might merely be fortuitous, i.e. divergences happened to occur during our ephemeral spatiotemporal sampling windows.

- by Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza
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- 20

Assessments of dinosaur macroevolution at any given time can be biased by the historical publication record. Recent studies have analysed patterns in dinosaur diversity that are based on secular variations in the numbers of published taxa. Many of these have employed a range of approaches that account for changes in the shape of the taxonomic abundance curve, which are largely dependent on databases compiled from the primary published literature. However, how these ‘corrected’ diversity patterns are influenced by the history of publication remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the influence of publication history between 1991 and 2015 on our understanding of dinosaur evolution using raw diversity estimates and shareholder quorum subsampling for the three major subgroups: Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha, and Theropoda. We find that, while sampling generally improves through time, there remain periods and regions in dinosaur evolutionary history where diversity estimates are highly volatile (e.g. the latest Jurassic of Europe, the mid-Cretaceous of North America, and the Late Cretaceous of South America). Our results show that historical changes in database compilation can often substantially influence our interpretations of dinosaur diversity. ‘Global’ estimates of diversity based on the fossil record are often also based on incomplete, and distinct regional signals, each subject to their own sampling history. Changes in the record of taxon abundance distribution, either through discovery of new taxa or addition of existing taxa to improve sampling evenness, are important in improving the reliability of our interpretations of dinosaur diversity. Furthermore, the number of occurrences and newly identified dinosaurs is still rapidly increasing through time, suggesting that it is entirely possible for much of what we know about dinosaurs at the present to change within the next 20 years.

- by Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza
- •
- 20

We describe the partially preserved femur of a large-bodied theropod dinosaur from the Cenomanian “Kem Kem Compound Assemblage” (KKCA) of Morocco. The fossil is housed in the Museo Geologico e Paleontologico “Gaetano Giorgio Gemmellaro” in Palermo (Italy). The specimen is compared with the theropod fossil record from the KKCA and coeval assemblages from North Africa. The combination of a distally reclined head, a not prominent trochanteric shelf, distally placed lesser trochanter of stout, alariform shape, a stocky shaft with the fourth trochanter placed proximally, and rugose muscular insertion areas in the specimen distinguishes it from Carcharodontosaurus, Deltadromeus and Spinosaurus and supports referral to an abelisaurid. The estimated body size for the individual from which this femur was derived is comparable to Carnotaurus and Ekrixinatosaurus (up to 9 meters in length and 2 tons in body mass). This find confirms that abelisaurids had reached their largest body size in the “middle Cretaceous,” and that large abelisaurids coexisted with other giant theropods in Africa. We review the taxonomic status of the theropods from the Cenomanian of North Africa, and provisionally restrict the Linnean binomina Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis and Spinosaurus aegyptiacus to the type specimens. Based on comparisons among the theropod records from the Aptian-Cenomanian of South America and Africa, a partial explanation for the so-called “Stromer’s riddle” (namely, the coexistence of many large predatory dinosaurs in the “middle Cretaceous” record from North Africa) is offered in term of taphonomic artifacts among lineage records that were ecologically and environmentally non-overlapping. Although morphofunctional and stratigraphic evidence supports an ecological segregation between spinosaurids and the other lineages, the co-occurrence of abelisaurids and carcharodontosaurids, two groups showing several craniodental convergences that suggest direct resource competition, remains to be explained.

- by Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza
- •
- 20

Vertebrate Paleontological Techniques Pdf

Here we report for the first time on the presence of ichthyosaurs in Sicily, southern Italy. The deposit of origin (Mufara Formation) can be dated to the upper Carnian (Tuvalian substage) based on a typical association of ammonites, one of which (Shastites sp.) is embedded in the sediment still encrusting one of the bone specimens recently found. The latter consist of two isolated vertebral centra that are referred to the Ichthyosauria thanks to their disk-like shape (i.e. they are much taller than long) combined with the amphicelous condition, lack of transverse processes, and presence of rib articulations on the central sides. The largest specimen is more precisely an anterior dorsal vertebra from an adult individual, ascribed to Shastasauridae indet. By the presence of elongated reniform diapophyseal facets, cranially not truncated, and absence of parapophyses. The smaller specimen represents an anterior cervical element from an immature individual of a likely smaller-sized, indeterminate taxon. These finds indicate that the biodiversity of the Monte Scalpello Triassic fauna is higher than previously known, but above all represent the southernmost occurrence of Triassic ichthyosaurs in the western Tethys basin.

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- by Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza
- •
- 20

The “Bonaventura Gravina” Collection of the Earth Science Museum of Catania (Italy) includes an ichthyosaur specimen of unknown geographic and stratigraphic provenance, age, and taxonomic determination. On comparison with other fossils from the same collection it was established that the specimen is from Böll, southwestern Germany; the ammonites preserved on the same slab indicate an early Toarcian age. Based on the available information it is suggested that it comes from the Early Jurassic Posidonia Shale (Posidonienschiefer), which is known worldwide for its ichthyosaur remains. A morphological comparison with Toarcian ichthyosaurs allowed the fossil remains to be referred to an adult specimen of Stenopterygius, a mid-sized ichthyosaur genus common in the Toarcian of Southern Germany. The phylogenetic analysis by parsimony supports this conclusion.

- by Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza
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- 20

P. 2019. The mystery of Mystriosaurus: Redescribing the poorly known Early Jurassic teleosauroid thalattosuchians Mystriosaurus laurillardi and Steneosaurus brevior. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64 (3): 565-579. The genus Mystriosaurus, established by Kaup in 1834, was one of the first thalattosuchian genera to be named. The holotype, an incomplete skull from the lower Toarcian Posidonienschiefer Formation of Altdorf (Bavaria, southern Germany), is poorly known with a convoluted taxonomic history. For the past 60 years, Mystriosaurus has been considered a subjective junior synonym of Steneosaurus. However, our reassessment of the Mystriosaurus laurillardi holotype demonstrates that it is a distinct and valid taxon. Moreover, we find the holotype of 'Steneosaurus' brevior, an almost complete skull from the lower Toarcian Whitby Mudstone Formation of Whitby (Yorkshire, UK), to be a subjective junior synonym of M. laurillardi. Mystriosaurus is diagnosed in having: a heavily and extensively ornamented skull; large and numerous neurovascular foramina on the premaxillae, maxillae and dentaries; anteriorly oriented external nares; and four teeth per premaxilla. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal M. laurillardi to be distantly related to Steneosaurus bollensis, supporting our contention that they are different taxa. Interestingly, our analyses hint that Mystriosaurus may be more closely related to the Chinese teleosauroid (previously known as Peipehsuchus) than any European form.

- by Michela Johnson
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La histología ósea concede una visión sustancial del crecimiento y biología de los vertebrados fósiles. Muchos de los mayores clados de dinosaurios no avianos han sido extensivamente muestreados para datos de osteología ósea permitiendo la reconstrucción de su crecimiento así como una evaluación de la evolución de sus cambios de crecimiento a lo largo de su filogenia.

- by Jose Ruben Guzman-Gutierrez
- •

Few descriptions of juvenile skulls of fossil proboscideans have been published. Here, a skull of a newborn gomphothere from the Pleistocene of Lake Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico, is described and compared with previously published material. Based on these comparisons, the skull is best assigned to Cuvieronius hyodon. Some paleobiological and taxonomic implications are discussed.

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- by Ricardo Aguilar
- •

We describe a nearly complete skeleton of the gomphotheriid proboscidean Stegomastodon primitivus Osborn from the Pliocene (Blancan) of Lago de Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico. This skeleton documents important differences between the postcrania of North American Stegomastodon and the gomphothere postcrania from South America assigned to Cuvieronius, Haplomastodon and Stegomastodon that include features indicative of more graviportal limbs (especially the forelimb) in North American Stegomastodon. This strengthens the case against referring any South American gomphothere fossils to Stegomastodon; Notiomastodon and Haplomastodon are the valid generic names for these fossils. Stegomastodon is known only from North America, and ranges from early Blancan (~4 Ma) to early Irvingtonian (~1.2 Ma) in age. Its fossils form a chronomorphocline that can be assigned to three species: early Blancan S. primitivus, primarily late Blancan S. mirificus (Leidy) and early Irvingtonian S. aftoniae (Osborn).

- by Ricardo Aguilar
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- by Ricardo Aguilar
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- 5

- by Ricardo Aguilar
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- Vertebrate Paleontology

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Paleontologists at work at the dinosaur site of Lo Hueco (Cuenca, Spain).

Vertebrate paleontology is the subfield of paleontology that seeks to discover, through the study of fossilized remains, the behavior, reproduction and appearance of extinct animals with vertebrae or a notochord. It also tries to connect, by using the evolutionarytimeline, the animals of the past and their modern-day relatives.

The fossil record shows aspects of the meandering evolutionary path from early aquatic vertebrates to mammals, with a host of transitional fossils, though there are still large blank areas. The earliest known fossil vertebrates were heavily armored fish discovered in rocks from the Ordovician Period about 500 to 430 Ma (megaannum, million years ago). The Devonian Period (395 to 345 Ma) brought in the changes that allowed primitive air-breathing fish to remain on land as long as they wished, thus becoming the first terrestrial vertebrates, the amphibians.

How to download spore for pc. Amphibians developed forms of reproduction and locomotion and a metabolism better suited for life exclusively on land, becoming more reptilian. Full-fledged reptiles appeared in the Carboniferous Period (345 to 280 Ma).

The reptilian changes and adaptations to diet and geography are chronicled in the fossil record of the varying forms of therapsida. True mammals showed up in the Triassic Period (225 to 190 Ma) around the same time as the dinosaurs, which also sprouted from the reptilian line.

Birds first diverged from dinosaurs between 100 Ma and 60 Ma.^[1] Python tutorial pdf free download.

History[edit]

One of the people who helped figure out the vertebrate progression was French zoologist Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), who realized that fossils found in older rock strata differed greatly from more recent fossils or modern animals. https://tiobuquiti.tistory.com/10. He published his findings in 1812 and, although he steadfastly refuted evolution, his work proved the (at the time) contested theory of extinction of species.^[2]

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Thomas Jefferson is credited with initiating the science of vertebrate paleontology in the United States with the reading of a paper to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia in 1797. Jefferson presented fossil bones of a ground sloth found in a cave in western Virginia and named the genus (Megalonyx). The species was ultimately named Megalonyx jeffersonii in his honor.^[3]^[4]^[5] Jefferson corresponded with Cuvier, including sending him a shipment of highly desirable bones of the American mastodon and the woolly mammoth.^[6]

Paleontology really got started though, with the publication of Recherches sur les poissons fossiles (1833–1843) by Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz (1807–1873). He studied, described and listed hundreds of species of fossil fish, beginning the serious study into the lives of extinct animals. With the publication of the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1849, the field got a theoretical framework. Much of the subsequent work has been to map the relationship between fossil and extant organisms, as well as their history through time.

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In modern times, Alfred Romer (1894–1973) wrote what has been termed the definitive textbook on the subject, called Vertebrate Paleontology.^[7] It shows the progression of evolution in fossil fish, and amphibians and reptiles through comparative anatomy, including a list of all the (then) known fossil vertebrate genera. Romer became the first president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1940, alongside co-founder Howard Chiu. An updated work that largely carried on the tradition from Romer, and by many considered definitive book on the subject was written by Robert L. Carroll of McGill University, the 1988 text Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. Carroll was president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1983. The Society keeps its members informed on the latest discoveries through newsletters and the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

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Classification[edit]

Classical spindle diagram of the evolution of the vertebrates at class level.

The 'traditional' vertebrate classification scheme employ evolutionary taxonomy where several of the taxa listed are paraphyletic, i.e. have given rise to another taxa that have been given the same rank. For instance, birds are generally considered to be the descendants of reptiles (Saurischian dinosaurs to be precise), but in this system both are listed as separate classes. Under phylogenetic nomenclature, such an arrangement is unacceptable, though it offers excellent overview.

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This classical scheme is still used in works where systematic overview is essential, e.g. Benton (1998), Hildebrand and Goslow (2001) and Knobill and Neill (2006).^[8]^[9]^[10] While mostly seen in general works, it is also still used in some specialist works like Fortuny & al. (2011).^[11]

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata (vertebrates)
- Class Agnatha (jawless fish)
  - Subclass Cyclostomata (hagfish and lampreys)
  - Subclass Ostracodermi (armoured jawless fish) †
- Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
  - Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks and rayes)
  - Subclass Holocephali (chimaeras and extinct relatives)
- Class Placodermi (armoured fish) †
- Class Acanthodii ('spiny sharks', sometimes classified under bony fishes) †
- Class Osteichthyes (bony fish)
  - Subclass Actinopterygii
  - Subclass Sarcopterygii
- Class Amphibia
  - Subclass Labyrinthodontia †
  - Subclass Lepospondyli †
  - Subclass Lissamphibia
- Class Reptilia
  - Subclass Anapsida
    - Order Cotylosauria †
    - Order Testudines
  - Subclass Synapsida
    - Order Pelycosauria †
    - Order Therapsida †
  - Subclass Euryapsida
    - Order Sauropterygia †
    - Order Ichthyosauria †
  - Subclass Diapsida (lizards & snakes too)
    - Order Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators etc.)
    - Order Sphenodontia (Tuatara and relatives)
    - Order Squamata (Lizards and snakes)
    - Order Thecodonts †
    - Order Pterosauria †
    - Order Saurischia (dinosaurs) †
    - Order Ornithischia (dinosaurs) †
- Class Aves
  - Subclass Archaeornithes (primitive dinosaur-like birds like Archaeopteryx) †
  - Subclass Neornithes (modern birds and some advanced Cretaceous forms)
    - Superorder Odontognathae (Cretaceous toothed birds) †
    - Superorder Palaeognathae (ratites)
    - Superorder Neognathae (All other extant birds)
- Class Mammalia
  - Subclass Prototheria
    - Order Monotremata (platypus and the echidnas)
  - Subclass Theria
    - Infraclass Metatheria
      - Order Marsupialia (kangaroos, dunnarts, opossums, wombats etc.)
    - Infraclass Eutheria (placentals)
      - Order Insectivora
      - Order Chiroptera (bats)
      - Order Creodonta
      - Order Carnivora (dogs/cats)
      - Order Perissodactyla (horses)
      - Order Artiodactyla (cattle and other ungulates)
      - Order Proboscidea (elephants)
      - Order Edentata
      - Order Cetacea (whales and dolphins)
      - Order Rodentia (mice, rats etc.)
      - Order Lagomorpha (rabbits)
      - Order Primates (monkeys, apes and primates)

References[edit]

^Hackett, S.J., Kimball, R.T., Reddy, S., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, E.L., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Cox, W.A., Han, K-L., Harshman, J., Huddleston, C.J., Marks, B.D., Miglia, K.J., Moore, W.S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C. and Yuri T. (2008) A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science. 320: 1763-1768.
^Rudwick, Martin. Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes, (Chicago: Chicago University Press), 1997.
^Jefferson, Thomas, 'A Memoir on the Discovery of Certain Bones of a Quadruped of the Clawed Kind in the Western Parts of Virginia', Read before the American Philosophical Society, March 10, 1797. The 'certain bones' consisted of three large claws and associated smaller bones. He theorized that they were the remains of an extinct lion which he named Megalonyx ('giant claw'). In 1799, Dr. Caspar Wistar correctly identified the remains as belonging to a giant ground sloth. In 1822 Wistar officially named it Megalonyx jeffersonii.
^Jefferson, Thomas (1799), 'A Memoir on the Discovery of Certain Bones of a Quadruped of the Clawed Kind in the Western Parts of Virginia', Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 4 pp. 246-260.
^Wistar, Caspar (1799), 'A Description of the Bones Deposited, by the President, in the Museum of the Society, and Represented in the Annexed Plates', Transactions, pp. 526-531, plates.
^Rice, Howard C, Jr., 'Jefferson's Gift of Fossils to the Museum of Natural History in Paris,' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 95 (1958): 597-627.
^Smith, C.H. (2005): Romer, Alfred Sherwood (United States 1894-1973), homepage from Western Kentucky University
^Benton, M. J. (1998) The quality of the fossil record of vertebrates. Pp. 269-303, in Donovan, S. K. and Paul, C. R. C. (eds), The adequacy of the fossil record, Fig. 2. Wiley, New York, 312 pp.
^Hildebrand, M. & G. E. Goslow, Jr. Principal ill. Viola Hildebrand. (2001). Analysis of vertebrate structure. New York: Wiley. p. 429. ISBN0-471-29505-1.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Neill, J.D. (ed.) (2006): Knobil and Neill’s Physiology of Reproduction, Vol 2, Academic Press, 3rd edition (p. 2177)
^Fortuny, J., Bolet, A., Sellés, A.G., J. Cartanyà, J. & À. Galobart, À. (2011): New insights on the Permian and Triassic vertebrates from the Iberian Peninsula with emphasis on the Pyrenean and Catalonian basinsArchived May 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Iberian Geology no 37 (1): pp 65-86 doi:10.5209/rev_JIGE.2011.v37.n1.5

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